References

1 – 49

1. Cortis, N and Bullen, J 2016, Domestic violence and women’s economic security: Building Australia’s capacity for prevention and redress: Final report, ANROWS.
2. NSW Department of Communities and Justice 2023, Pathways to homelessness for people experiencing homelessness in NSW Evidence Brief, NSW Government.
3. NSW Treasury estimates of poverty rates reference household income using equivalised household total financial year disposable income as members of households can share economic resources. NSW Treasury has estimated poverty rates using unit record data from Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (HILDA) conducted by the Australian Government Department of Social Services (DSS) using the HILDA Survey Wave 22 (General Release). The findings and views reported in this Statement, however, are those of NSW Treasury and should not be attributed to the Australian Government, DSS, or any of DSS’ contractors or partners. DOI: doi:10.26193/R4IN30.
4. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Average Weekly Earnings, November 2023.
5. NSW Public Service Commission 2023, Workforce Profile Report 2023, NSW Government.
6. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, May 2024.
7. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Census of Population and Housing TableBuilder: STATE (UR) and SEXP.
8. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia Detailed, most recently available data - April 2024.
9. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia Detailed, most recently available data - April 2024. Comparison of greater capital city and rest of state.
10. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia Detailed, most recently available data - April 2024.
11. NSW Treasury has estimated the Gini coefficient using the NSW sample of Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey Wave 22 (General Release) and enumerated person level total financial year disposable income for the working age population, weighted. The working age population is defined as individuals that fall within the ages of 15 to 64 and who are not studying full-time. The Gini coefficient estimates use unit record data from HILDA conducted by the Australian Government Department of Social Services (DSS). The findings and views reported in this Statement, however, are those of NSW Treasury and should not be attributed to the Australian Government, DSS, or any of DSS’ contractors or partners. DOI: doi:10.26193/R4IN30.
12. NSW Treasury estimates of poverty rates.
13. OECD 2024, Poverty rate indicator.
14. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, May 2024.
15. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, May 2024.
16. Workplace Gender Equality Agency 2021, Flexible work post-COVID.
17. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia Detailed, Labour force status by elapsed years since arrival, most recently available data - April 2024.
18. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia Detailed, most recently available data - April 2024. Comparison of greater capital city and rest of state.
19. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia Detailed, most recently available data - April 2024.
20. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Census of Population and Housing TableBuilder: STATE (UR) and SEXP by LFSP Labour Force and INGP Indigenous Status.
21. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, May 2024.
22. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, May 2024.
23. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, Underemployment, May 2024.
24. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Underemployed workers, February 2023.
25. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, February 2024.
26. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, February 2024.
27. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, February 2024.
28. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, February 2024.
29. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Australia, February 2024.
30. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Average Weekly Earnings, November 2023.
31. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Average Weekly Earnings, November 2023.
32. KPMG, Diversity Council Australia and Workplace Gender Equality Agency 2022, She’s Price(d)less: The economics of the gender pay gap.
33. Goldin, C 2021, Career and Family: Women’s Century-Long Journey toward Equity, Princeton University Press.
34. Sobeck, K 2022, Greedy jobs, labour market institutions, and the gender pay gap, Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Working Paper 15/2022.
35. Goldin, C 2021, Career and Family: Women’s Century-Long Journey toward Equity, Princeton University Press.
36. NSW Public Service Commission 2023, Workforce Profile Report 2023, NSW Government. The NSW Public Service Commission uses median data to calculate the NSW public sector pay gap. This explains why the pay gap is significantly lower than the NSW gender pay gap of 11.0 per cent that is calculated based on ABS average earnings data. The median is less sensitive to extreme values giving a picture of typical earnings.
37. NSW Public Service Commission 2023, Workforce Profile Report 2023, NSW Government.
38. NSW Public Service Commission 2023, Workforce Profile Report 2023, NSW Government.
39. The data used for this analysis does not make any adjustments for part-time employees. Paid parental leave that is taken at half pay has been converted to equivalent days at full-pay.
40. Hill, E and Cooper, Rae, 2021, Facilitating men’s involvement in care work, Gender Equality in Working Life Research Initiative Insights Series, The University of Sydney.
41. Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) 2024, Waves 2002-2021, includes people aged 15-64 years.
42. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017, Media Release: One in 20 dads take primary parental leave.
43. Walsh, E, 2019, Fathers and parental leave, Australian Institute of Family Studies.
44. Workplace Gender Equality Agency 2016, Unpaid care work and the labour market, Insights Paper.
45. Walsh, E, 2019, Fathers and parental leave, Australian Institute of Family Studies.
46. Walsh, E, 2019, Fathers and parental leave, Australian Institute of Family Studies.
47. Walsh, E, 2019, Fathers and parental leave, Australian Institute of Family Studies.
48. Hill, E, Baird, M, Vromen, A, Cooper, R & Meers, Z et al, 2019, ‘Young women and men: Imagined futures of work and family formation in Australia’, Journal of Sociology, vol.55, no.4, pp. 778-798.
49. Hill, E and Cooper, Rae, 2021, Facilitating men’s involvement in care work, Gender Equality in Working Life Research Initiative Insights Series, The University of Sydney.

50 – 99

50. Hill, E and Cooper, Rae, 2021, Facilitating men’s involvement in care work, Gender Equality in Working Life Research Initiative Insights Series, The University of Sydney.
51. Remme M, Vassall A, Fernando G and Bloom DE, 2020, ‘Investing in the health of girls and women: a best buy for sustainable development’, BMJ, vol. 369.
52. Hambisa MT, Tawiah R, Jagger C and Kiely KM 2023, ‘Gender, education, and cohort differences in healthy working life expectancy at age 50 years in Australia: a longitudinal analysis’, The Lancet, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 610-617.
53. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Health conditions prevalence, December 2023.
54. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing, October 2023.
55. Hill, A, Lyons, A, Jones, J, McGowan. I, Carman, M, Parsons, M, Power, J and Bourne, A, 2021 Writing Themselves In 4: The health and wellbeing of LGBTQA+ young people in Australia 2020-2021, La Trobe University.
56. Hill A, Lyons A, Power J, Amos N, Ferlatte O, Jones J, Carman M and Bourne A, ‘Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Pansexual, Queer, and Asexual Youth: Differential Impacts of Sexual Orientation, Verbal, Physical, or Sexual Harassment or Assault, Conversion Practices, Family or Household Religiosity, and School Experience’, LGBT Health, vol. 9, no.5, pp. 313-324.
57. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Patient Experiences, November 2023.
58. Duckett, S, Stobart A and Lin,L 2022, Not so universal: How to reduce out-of-pocket healthcare payments, Grattan Institute.
59. Australian Government, #EndGenderBias Survey Summary Report.
60. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, Labour Force Detailed, February 2024.
61. World Health Organization 2024, Health workforce.
62. National Skills Commission 2022, Industry analysis: Health Care and Social Assistance.
63. NSW Productivity Commission 2023, Building more homes where people want to live, NSW Government.
64. Moore, A and Ryan P 2024, Rental Affordability Report – 2024, PropTrack.
65. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Rental Affordability Indicator, Census of Population and Housing: Census dictionary.
66. NSW Treasury calculations are based on the median weekly employee earnings, including main and second jobs, region of usual residence as at August 2023 from ABS TableBuilder, Characteristics of Employment, 2014-2023. Median weekly unit and house rent for Greater Sydney and Regional NSW is derived from CoreLogic data.
67. NSW Treasury analysis using Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Average Weekly Earnings and CoreLogic data, November 2023.
68. Gilbert, C, Nasreen, Z and Gurran, N 2023, Tracking the housing situation, commuting patterns and affordability challenges of essential workers: a report prepared for HOPE Housing, Sydney: The University of Sydney and HOPE Housing.
69. Data provided from Department of Communities and Justice, June 2024.
70. Data provided from Department of Communities and Justice, June 2024.
71. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2023, Specialist homelessness services annual report 2022–23, Clients and support periods, by age and sex, and by state and territory, 2022–23.
72. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2023, Specialist homelessness services annual report 2022–23, Clients and support periods, by age and sex, and by state and territory, 2022–23.
73. McNair R, Andrews, C, Parkinson S, Dempsey, D 2017, GALFA LGBTQ Homelessness Research Project Final Report: LGBTQ Homelessness: Risks, Resilience, and Access to Services in Victoria, University of Melbourne and Swinburne University of Technology.
74. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Estimating Homelessness: Census, State and Territory of usual residence, Proportion of homeless persons, by selected characteristics.
75. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2023, Specialist homelessness services annual report 2022–23, Clients and support periods, by age and sex, and by state and territory, 2022–23.
76. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2023, Specialist homelessness services annual report 2022–23.
77. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2023, Specialist homelessness services annual report 2022–23.
78. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Personal Safety, Australia, 2021-2022.
79. Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research 2023, NSW Trends in Domestic & Family Violence – Quarterly Report, March 2024.
80. Summers, A 2022, The Choice: Violence or Poverty, University of Technology Sydney.
81. McNicol, E, Fitz-Gibbon, K, and Brewer, S 2022, From workplace sabotage to embedded supports: examining the impact of domestic and family violence across Australian workplaces, Monash University.
82. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Personal Safety, Australia, 2021-2022.
83. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Partner violence, 2021-2022.
84. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Partner violence, 2021-2022.
85. Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety 2019, Domestic and family violence, housing insecurity and homelessness: Research synthesis 2nd Ed.
86. Equity Economics 2021, Nowhere to go: The benefits of providing long-term social housing to women that have experienced domestic and family violence.
87. Breckenridge, J, Whitten, T, Burton, M, Dubler, N and Suchting, M 2022, Staying Home Leaving Violence Evaluation: Final Report, Gendered Violence Research Network, UNSW Sydney.
88. NSW Government 2024, Climate change impacts on our weather and oceans.
89. Whittaker J, Eriksen C and Haynes K 2016, ‘Gendered responses to the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in Victoria, Australia’, Geographical Research, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 203-215.
90. Whittaker J, Eriksen C and Haynes K 2016, ‘Gendered responses to the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in Victoria, Australia’, Geographical Research, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 203-215.
91. Whittaker, J, Eriksen C and Haynes K, 2015, ‘More men die in bushfires: how gender affects how we plan and respond’, The Conversation, 27 November 2015.
92. O’Donnell, K, Prattley, J, Wong, C, Quinn, B, Tajin, R, Jenkinson, R and Rowland B 2022, Ten to Men Insights #2 report Chapter 4: Recent natural disasters in Australia: Exploring the association with men’s mental health and access to health care, Australian Institute of Family Studies.
93. Australian Women’s Health Network 2014, Impact on Women’s Health of Climatic and Economic Disaster.
94. Training Services NSW 2024, VET Public Dashboards.
95. Australian Government 2024, Australian Universities Accord Final Report.
96. Australian Government 2024, Australian Universities Accord Final Report.
97. Deloitte Access Economics 2022, Breaking the norm: Unleashing Australia’s economic potential.
98. Deloitte Access Economics 2022, Breaking the norm: Unleashing Australia’s economic potential.
99. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Potential Workers – Table 4a. Reasons did not actively look for work, February 2023.

Image credits:

Adobe Stock, Austockphoto, Department of Premier and Cabinet / Salty Dingo media, iStock, NSW Department of Education, NSW Health, NSW Police Force, NSW Rural Fire Service, Renee Nowytarger, State of New South Wales (Transport for NSW).